pH值和产甲烷抑制剂对两相耦合系统污泥发酵定向产乙酸的影响

采用产氢产乙酸/同型产乙酸两相耦合工艺对剩余污泥进行了半连续式厌氧发酵,主要研究了pH值和产甲烷抑制剂2-bromoethanesulphonate(BES)对耦合系统定向产乙酸的影响.结果表明:碱性pH(pH=10.0)和添加BES都能促进A相乙酸的积累,提高乙酸的产率,同时碱性pH比添加BES更有利于污泥的水解.当...     

三种接种物启动Anammox-EGSB反应器的性能

为了优选接种物和加速Anammox反应器启动,分别以厌氧产甲烷污泥 (Anaerobic methanogenic sludge,AMS)、新鲜厌氧氨氧化污泥 (Fresh Anammox sludge,FAS) 和储藏厌氧氨氧化污泥 (Stored Anammox sludge,SAS) 作为接种物,研究了厌氧氨氧化膨胀颗粒污泥床 (Anammox-EGSB) 反应器 (R1、R2和R3) 的启动性能。结果表明：3种接种物均能成功启动Anammox-EGSB反应器,启动性能的优劣次序为：R2 (接种物为     

The Influence of Soil Properties on the Mobility of Metals Following a Single Application of Polluted Sewage Sludge to Seventy Agricultural Topsoils: A Laboratory Column Study

The main aim of this study was to examine the influence of soil properties on the leaching of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn following the application of polluted sewage sludge to contrasting topsoils. Seventy agricultural soil samples from different parts of Spain were amended with a single dose of sewage sludge (equivalent to 50 t dry weight ha^?1) and a column study was performed under controlled conditions. After two, four, and six months of incubation, 283 ml of distilled water (equivalent to a rainfall event of 25 l m^?2) was applied. The leachates were then collected and analyzed for metals. For all of the soils considered, the pH was the most important parameter for the control of mobility metals (except for Cu, determined by the sand and soil organic carbon and only to a lesser extent by the soil pH r² = 0.604, p < 0.001) and was negatively related to all of the studied metals. For Pb and Zn, soil pH was the single soil property explaining their mobility (r² = 0.411, p < 0.001 for Pb; r² = 0.713, p < 0.001 for Zn) while for Cd, Cr and Ni, EC, sand and silt also appeared in the statistical models (r² = 0.753, p < 0.001 for Cd; r² = 0.366, p < 0.001 for Cr; r² = 0.784, p < 0.001 for Ni). In the basic soils, soil texture was the most important soil property controlling the mobility of metals (except for that of Pb, which it only weakly predicted). For the acidic-neutral soils, the soil pH was the most important soil property controlling metal mobility (except for that of Cr, which was mainly determined by the pseudo-total Cr content).     

Alleviation of Both Water and Nutrient Limitations is Necessary to Accelerate Ecological Restoration of Waste Rock Tips

Hard rock quarries are commonly located close to national parks and special areas of conservation and are generally regarded as visually intrusive. Consequently, restoration strategies that effectively accelerate natural plant regeneration processes are required. Slate waste tips present extreme conditions for plant establishment with multiple potential limiting factors (e.g., lack of organic matter, nutrients, and poor water retention). In this study, we investigated ecological strategies to accelerate natural regeneration at the largest slate quarry in Europe. A field experiment was conducted to assess ecosystem restoration using a contrasting set of native woody species. Treatments included amendments of waste tips with: polyacrylamide gel to increase water‐holding capacity; mineral fertilizer to increase nutrient supply; and two treatments that increased both (organic waste or boulder clay addition). Ecosystem recovery was evaluated through above‐ and below‐ground productivity (plant and microbial, respectively) and soil analyses. Neither increasing nutrient supply (with mineral fertilizer) nor water‐holding capacity (with polyacrylamide gel) was sufficient, alone, to improve plant establishment. However, both boulder clay and organic waste amendment significantly enhanced plant growth. There was a marked positive interaction in the effects on tree growth of the amendment with organic waste and boulder clay. Large interactions occurred between tree species and substrate amendments. The growth of N₂‐fixing species was strongly favored over non‐fixers where there was no addition of material increasing soil nitrogen supply, whereas the growth advantage of pioneer species over non‐pioneers was greatest with fertilizer, organic waste, or clay additions. Organic waste addition had the greatest positive impact on soil processes.     

Augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) protects human hepatocytes against apoptosis

Augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) is known to support liver regeneration and to stimulate proliferation of hepatocytes. However, it is not known if ALR exerts anti-apoptotic effects in human hepatocytes and whether this protective effect is cell type specific. This is relevant, because compounds that protect the liver against apoptosis without undesired effects, such as protection of metastatic tumour cells, would be appreciated in several clinical settings. Primary human hepatocytes (phH) and organotypic cancer cell lines were exposed to different concentrations of apoptosis inducers (ethanol, TRAIL, anti-Apo, TGF-β, actinomycin D) and cultured with or without recombinant human ALR (rhALR). Apoptosis was evaluated by the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and by FACS with propidium iodide (PI) staining.ALR significantly decreased apoptosis induced by ethanol, TRAIL, anti-Apo, TGF-β and actinomycin D. Further, the anti-apoptotic effect of ALR was observed in primary human hepatocytes and in HepG2 cells but not in bronchial (BC1), colonic (SW480), gastric (GC1) and pancreatic (L3.6PL) cell lines.Therefore, the hepatotrophic growth factor ALR acts in a liver specific manner with regards to both its mitogenic and its anti-apoptotic effect. Unlike the growth factors HGF and EGF, rhALR acts in a liver specific manner. Therefore, ALR is a promising candidate for further evaluation as a possible hepatoprotective factor in clinical settings.     

Effects of Sewage Sludge on Plant Community Composition in Restored Limestone Quarries

The effects of sewage sludge, used to improve fertility of replaced soil, on vegetation were studied in limestone quarry restoration. Plant community growing in the first stages after sludge application was surveyed in six quarries of NE Spain. Areas with a mixture of sewage sludge and residual soil were compared to areas where the application consisted only of residual soil (a mixture of previous top soil and mine spoils). Sewage sludge was hypothesized to increase total biomass and cover, modifying species composition and delaying the early successional recover of the community. The results showed that both biomass and plant cover increased because of sewage sludge addition. The floristic composition was dominated by ruderal species that did not show any dependence on sewage sludge application. Convergence on similarity between sludge and control plots was not detected along a 5‐year period. Although species richness was significantly lower in sludge plots, diversity and equitability indexes did not show differences between treatments. The results did not show differences in the proportion of non‐native species. The proportion of legumes was lower in sludge plots. These results show that the plant communities resulting from the addition of sewage sludge to the soil used in limestone quarry restoration have more biomass and cover, but less number of species, and they do not show a clear trend to converge to those areas restored only with non‐amended soil.     

Influence of inoculum activity on the bio-methanization of a kitchen waste under different waste/inoculum ratios

The use of a granular inoculum prevented acidification during the anaerobic batch biodegradation of a kitchen waste for waste/inoculum ratios in the range of 0.5–2.3 g VS/g VS, when the alkalinity/COD ratio was 37 mg NaHCO₃/g COD. In similar experiments but using a suspended sludge with a significantly lower activity, the methane production rates and the biodegradability were significantly lower and the pH decreased below 5.5 at the waste/inoculum ratio of 2.3 g VS/g VS. When the added alkalinity was decreased to 2 mg NaHCO₃/g COD, the ratio waste/inoculum was clearly more important than the inoculum activity, since, irrespective of the sludge used, acidification occurred at waste/inoculum ratios higher than 0.5 g VS/g VS. The advantage of using granular sludge was further investigated in order to define reasonable condition of waste/inoculum ratio and added alkalinity that could be applied in practice. For a waste/inoculum ratio of 1.35, there were no significant differences between the results obtained for the biodegradability and maximum methane production rate (MMPR), when the alkalinity decreased from 44 to 22 mg NaHCO₃/g COD.     

膜生物反应器中的生物学特征

由于在膜生物反应器内膜的截留作用 ,使膜生物反应器内的一些生物学特征与传统的活性污泥过程有所不同。本文系统地阐述了膜生物反应器内的微生物群落、活性污泥及微生物产物的生理生化特征。     

Isolation and characterisation of cellulose obtained by a two-stage treatment with organosolv and cyanamide activated hydrogen peroxide from wheat straw

Seven wheat straw cellulose preparations were isolated by a two-stage acidic organosolv treatment followed by cyanamide activated hydrogen peroxide bleaching. The effects of concentration of acetic and formic acids on the yield of cellulose and degradation of lignin and non-cellulose polysaccharides were investigated. Organic acids were more effective than alcohols on the degradation of lignin and hemicelluloses. Formic acid/acetic acid/water (30/60/10, v/v/v) system was found to be the most effective in delignification and removal of non-cellulose polysaccharides from the straw and did not have any undesirable effects on cellulose properties such as its intrinsic viscosity. In this case, the treatment removed 94.1% of the original lignin and 76.5% of the original hemicelluloses using 0.1% HCl as a catalyst at 85 °C for 4 h. Cyanamide activated hydrogen peroxide bleaching degraded substantial amounts of residual hemicelluloses and lignin, produced the cellulose samples having a relatively high purity. Under a best condition, a cellulose relatively free of lignin (0.7%) and with intrinsic viscosity of 393 ml g⁻¹ and favourable molar mass (213,940 g mol⁻¹) was obtained. Both unbleached and bleached cellulose preparations were further characterised by FT-IR and CP/MAS ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, and thermal stability.     

Anaerobic Hydrogen Production from Sucrose Using an Acid‐Enriched Sewage Sludge Microflora

A novel and high‐rate anaerobic sequencing bath reactor (ASBR) process was used to evaluate the hydrogen productivity of an acid‐enriched sewage sludge microflora at a temperature of 35 °C. In this ASBR process a 4 h cycle, including feed, reaction, settle, and decant steps, was repeatedly performed in a 5 L reactor. The sucrose substrate concentration was 20 g COD/L; the hydraulic retention time (HRT) was maintained at 12–120 h at the initial period and thereafter at 4–12 h. The reaction/settle period ratio, which is the most important parameter for ASBR operation was 1.7. The experimental results indicated that the hydrogenic activity of the sludge microflora was HRT‐dependent and that proper pH control was necessary for a stable operation of the bioreactor. The peak hydrogenic activity value was attained at an HRT of 8 h and an organic loading rate of 80 kg COD/m³ × day. Each mole of sucrose in the reactor produced 2.8 mol of hydrogen and each gram of biomass produced 39 mmol of hydrogen per day. An overly‐short HRT might deteriorate the hydrogen productivity. The concentration ratios of butyric acid to’acetic acid, as well as volatile fatty acid and soluble microbial products to alkalinity can be used as monitoring indicators for the hydrogenic bioreactor.